Genduplikation durch polyploide Evolution: die Isoenzyme der Sorbitdehydrogenase bei herings- und lachsartigen Fischen (Isospondyli)

Zusammenfassung Die elektrophoretische Analyse der Isoenzyme der Sorbitdehydrogenase (SDH) bei verschiedenen Säugerspecies unter Einschluß des Menschen läßt darauf schließen, daß bei Säugern nur 1 Genlocus für dieses Enzym existiert. Auch bei Knochenfischen läßt sich in der Regel nur 1 SDH-Gen nachweisen. Eine Ausnahme bilden einige Species der Fischordnung Isospondyli. Innerhalb dieser Ordnung findet sich eine Diploid-tetraploid-Beziehung. Arten mit diploiden Charakteristika wie der Hering (Clupea harengus) besitzen 1 SDH-locus, an dem 3 Allele zu beobachten waren. Bei einigen phylogenetisch tetraploiden lachsartigen Fischen läßt sich eine Duplikation des SDH-Gens nachweisen. Während bei der Bachforelle (Salmo trutta) die nach der Tetraploidisierung zunächst identischen loci sich divergent entwickelt haben und jetzt diploidisiert sind, zeigen Regenbogenforelle (Salmo irideus) und Blaufelchen (Coregonus lavaretus) tetrasome Phänotypen der SDH. Beim Blaufelchen findet sich ein Überschuß an Heterozygoten, der auf eine meiotische Vorzugspaarung der Chromosomen mit identischen Allelen schließen läßt. Diese Befunde geben Einblick in den Mechanismus der Diploidisierung, der in der Evolution der höheren Wirbeltiere eine wesentliche Rolle gespielt haben dürfte.

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Sorbitol dehydrogenase isozymes in clupeoid fish: a further example of gene duplication through polyploid evolution

Summary Electrophoretic analysis of the sorbitol dehydrogenase isozymes (SDH) in various mammalian species including man revealed the existence of only 1 gene locus for this enzyme. As a rule, the same is true for Teleostean fishes. Some species of the fish order Isospondyli, however, represent an exception. Within this order, a diploid-tetraploid relationship exists. Species exhibiting diploid characteristics as the herring (Clupea harengus), are endowed with a single SDH gene locus at which 3 different alleles were observed. In some Salmonoid fish having passed through tetraploid evolution, a duplication of the SDH gene can be demonstrated. While in Salmo trutta the duplicated genes evolved divergently and became diploidized, in Salmo irideus and Coregonus lavaretus tetrasomic phenotypes occur. In Coregonus, the predominance of heterozygotes is to be interpreted as the consequence of preferential pairing of meiotic chromosomes endowed with identical alleles. These findings give some insight in the diploidization mechanism which may have played an important role during evolution of higher vertebrates.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Recovery of Adrenocortical Function during Long-term Treatment with Corticosteroids

The recovery of adrenocortical function during very slow withdrawal of corticosteroids was studied in a homogeneous group of patients suffering from sarcoidosis. All patients had been treated with gradually decreasing doses of prednisone for at least two years. The initial dose had been 40 mg. daily in all cases. Determination of the cortisol production rate and of plasma fluorogenic corticosteroids was done under basal conditions and after tetracosactrin stimulation. There was good correlation between cortisol production rate and plasma fluorogenic corticosteroids throughout all the tests. Cortisol production rate and plasma fluorogenic corticosteroids started to rise when the dosage of prednisone was lowered to 7·5 mg. daily and reached normal values when the dosage was reduced to 2·5 mg. The response to tetracosactrin began to increase at the same dosage level, but was not normal at 2·5 mg., or when prednisone treatment was stopped. At a dosage level of 7·5 mg. of prednisone plasma fluorogenic corticosteroids already showed a nyctohemeral rhythm.It may be calculated that even very low dosages of prednisone given during the last stage of a treatment schedule enhance total corticosteroid activity beyond the normal level, which would account for their therapeutic value.